Name: Fullerene powder
Brand: Joyous Pellets Supplement raw materials, cosmetic ingredients, weight
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Fullerene is a hollow molecule composed entirely of carbon, with a shape of sphere, ellipsoid, column or tube. Fullerenes contain not only six-membered rings but also five-membered rings and occasionally seven-membered rings. According to the total number of carbon atoms, fullerene can be divided into C₂₀, C₆₀, C₇₀, C₇₆, C₈₀, etc. Joyous mainly uses C60 and C70

Product Name

Fullerene

Specification

99%

Chemical Formula

C60,C70

Appearance

black powder

CAS No

131159-39-2

Packaging

25kg cardboard drum

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Desciption

Product information
What is Fullerene powder?
Fullerene is a hollow molecule composed entirely of carbon, with a shape of sphere, ellipsoid, column or tube. Fullerene is structurally very similar to graphite. Graphite is made up of layers of graphene composed of six-membered rings. Fullerene contains not only six-membered rings but also five-membered rings and occasionally seven-membered rings. According to the total number of carbon atoms, fullerene can be divided into C₂₀, C₆₀, C₇₀, C₇₆, C₈₀, etc. Among them, the smallest fullerene is C₂₀. The highly symmetric cage-like structure of C₆₀ makes it highly stable, so it is the most widely studied in the fullerene family. Fullerene is one of the most important carbon-containing nanomaterials in recent years due to its unique zero-dimensional structure. At the same time, fullerene has special optical properties, electrical conductivity and chemical properties, so fullerene and its derivatives have been widely used in electricity, optics, magnetism, materials science and other aspects.
Because C60 is the most readily available, easiest to purify, and cheapest type of fullerene family, C60 and its derivatives are the most studied and applied fullerenes.
Mass spectrometry and X-ray analysis have proven that the molecular structure of C60 is a spherical 32-hedron, which is composed of 60 carbon atoms connected by 20 six-membered rings and 12 five-membered rings with 30 carbon-carbon double bonds. It is a football-shaped hollow symmetric molecule, so fullerene is also called footballene. C60 has a high degree of Ih symmetry and a high degree of delocalized large π conjugation, but it is not a superaromatic system. Its NMR carbon spectrum has only one line, but it has two kinds of double bonds and 30 six-membered rings. The bonds that interface with the six-membered ring are called [6,6] bonds, and the 60 bonds that interface with the six-membered rings are called [5,6] bonds. The [6,6] bond is shorter than the [5,6] bond. The X-ray single crystal diffraction data of C60 shows that the [6,6] bond length is 135.5 picometers and the [5,6] long bond is 146.7 picometers. Therefore, [6,6] has more double bond properties, is easier to be added, and the addition product is more stable. Moreover, the six-membered ring is often regarded as a benzene ring, and the five-membered ring is regarded as a cyclopentadienyl ring. Alkene or five-membered axene. There are 1812 isomers of C60.
The C60 and its related C70 both satisfy this so-called Isolated Pentagon Rule (IPR). Among the isomers of C84, 24 satisfy the isolated pentagonal rule, while the other 51568 isomers do not satisfy the isolated pentagonal rule. These 51568 are non-pentagonal isolated isomers and Fuller's which do not satisfy the isolated pentagonal rule. Only a few types of fullerenes have been isolated so far, such as an egg-shaped cage-like embedded metallofullerene Tb3NaC84 in which two pentagons in the molecule are fused at the top. Or stabilized fullerenes with extraspherical chemical modifications such as C50Cl10, and C60H8.
Theoretical calculations show that the lowest unoccupied orbital (LUMO) orbital of C60 is a triple degenerate orbital, so it can obtain at least six electrons. Conventional cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry detection can only obtain 4 reduction potentials. Using a 1:5 mixed solvent of acetonitrile and toluene under vacuum conditions, six reduction potential spectra can be obtained.
C70
Theoretical calculations show that the LUMO orbit of C70 is a doubly degenerate orbit, but the energy level difference between its LUMO+1 orbit and the LUMO orbit is very small, so it can obtain at least six electrons. Conventional cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry Only 4 reduction potentials can be obtained by the safety method detection, while six reduction potential spectra can be obtained by using a 1:5 mixed solvent of acetonitrile and toluene under vacuum conditions.
Fullerene dissolves poorly in most solvents and is usually dissolved in aromatic solvents such as toluene, chlorobenzene, or the non-aromatic solvent carbon disulfide. The solution of pure fullerene is usually purple, and if the concentration is high, it is purple-red. The solution of C70 is slightly redder than that of C60 because it absorbs at 500nm; other fullerenes, such as C76, C80, etc., have different Purple. Fullerenes are the only allotropes of carbon discovered so far that are soluble in conventional solvents at room temperature.
Hydrated fullerene C60HyFn is a stable, highly hydrophilic supramolecular compound. As of 2010, the maximum concentration of C60 in the form of hydrated fullerene is 4 mg/mL.
Joyous Chondroitin Sulfate powder specification

Terms	Standard	Terms	Standard
Product Name	Fullerene	Appearance	black powder
Assay	98%	Loss on Drying	≤2%
Total Heavy Metals	≤10 ppm	Ash	≤2%
As	≤0.5ppm	Total Plate Count	≤750 cfu/g
Pb	≤0.5ppm	Yeast and Mold	≤100 cfu/g
Cd	≤0.5ppm	Coliforms	Negative
Hg	≤0.1ppm	E.Coli	Negative
Packing	Pack in 25kgs paper-drums, inner by double plastic bag	Shelf life	24 months under the above condition, and in its original package

Introduction to the chemical properties and various reactions of Fullerene-C60
Fullerenes are stable but not completely unreactive. The sp hybrid orbitals in graphite are planar, while in fullerene they are curved in order to form tubes or spheres, which creates a larger bond angle tension. When some of its double bonds are saturated through reactions, the bond angle tension is released. For example, the [6,6] bond of fullerene is electrophilic, and the change in the atomic orbital causes the bond to change from approximately 120° of sp2 to sp3 is about 109.5°, thus reducing the Gibbs free energy of the C60 ball and making it stable. Fullerenes can form either monoaddition products or polyaddition products. Fullerene chemistry is the science that studies the chemical properties of fullerenes. The need to functionalize fullerenes and thereby modulate their properties has prompted considerable research in this area. For example, fullerenes have poor solubility, and adding appropriate functional groups can improve their solubility. Fullerene polymers are obtained by adding a functional group that allows polymerization to occur. The functionalization of fullerene can be divided into two categories: chemical modification outside the fullerene cage; and binding molecules into the fullerene sphere, which is a pore opening reaction.
Because the spherical structure of this molecule makes the carbon atoms highly pyramidal, this has a profound impact on its reactivity. It is estimated that its strain energy is equivalent to 80% of the reaction heat energy. The parallelism of conjugated carbon atoms affects the hybrid orbital sp², an sp orbital that acquires p electrons. The interconnection of p orbitals expands more on the outer sphere than on the inner sphere (carbon atoms are connected by sp hybrid orbitals, another p electron forms a pi bond in pairs, and the pi electrons form a complex pi-pi conjugation that approximates the sphere system), this is one reason why fullerene is the electron donor; another reason is that it is in the empty low-energy pi orbital.
The double bonds in fullerenes are not exactly the same and can be roughly divided into two types: [6,6] bonds, which connect two hexagons, and [5,6] bonds, which connect a hexagon and a pentagon. The [6,6] bond in both is shorter than the [6,6] bond in the cyclic hexagonal polymer molecule and the double bond in the axene and dicyclopentadiene molecules. Although the carbon atoms in the fullerene molecule are all hyperconjugated, fullerene is not a very large aromatic compound. C60 has 60 pi electrons, but the closed shell architecture requires 72 electrons. Fullerenes can gain missing electrons by reacting with potassium, as in the K6C60 salt synthesized first and then the K12C60 salt; in this compound, the alternating bond lengths in the molecule disappear. Fullerenes can often undergo electrophilic reactions, and the key to such reactions is functionalized monoaddition or polyaddition reactions.
nucleophilic addition
In nucleophilic addition, fullerene reacts as an electrophile with a nucleophile, and it forms a carbanion that is captured by a nucleophile such as a Grignard reagent or an organolithium reagent. For example, methylmagnesium chloride and C60 quantitatively form a pentaaddition product in the middle of cyclopentadiene where the methyl group is located, and then protonate to form (CH3)5HC60. The Binger reaction is also an important fullerene cycloaddition reaction, forming methylenefullerenes. Fullerene can undergo Fule alkylation reaction under the action of chlorobenzene and aluminum trichloride, and the product of this hydroaromatization is 1,2 addition (Ar-CC-H).
pericyclic reaction
The [6,6] bond of fullerene can react with diene or dienophile, such as D-A reaction. [2+2] cycloaddition can form four-membered rings, such as benzyne. The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction can generate a five-membered ring and is called the Prato reaction. Fullerene reacts with carbene to form methylenefullerene.
Hydrogenation (reduction) reaction
Hydrogenated fullerene products such as C60H18, C60H36. However, fully hydrogenated C60H60 is only a hypothetical product because the molecular tension is too high. Highly hydrogenated fullerene is unstable, and direct reaction between fullerene and hydrogen at high temperatures will cause the cage structure to collapse and form polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
oxidation reaction
Fullerenes and their derivatives will be slowly oxidized in the air, which is why fullerenes usually need to be stored in the dark or at low temperatures. Fullerene reacts with osmium trioxide and ozone; the reaction with ozone is very fast and violent, and can produce a mixture of fullerols with multiple additions of hydroxyl groups, because the addition number and addition position have a wide distribution.
hydroxylation reaction
Fullerene can be obtained through hydroxylation reaction to obtain fullerol, and its water solubility depends on the number of hydroxyl groups in the molecule. One method is to react fullerene with dilute sulfuric acid and potassium nitrate to generate C60(OH)15. The other method is to add 24 to 26 hydroxyl groups from TBAH under the catalysis of dilute sodium hydroxide solution. Hydroxylation reactions have also been reported using solvent-free sodium hydroxide with hydrogen peroxide and fullerenes. Using the reaction of hydrogen peroxide and fullerene to synthesize C60(OH)8, the maximum number of hydroxyl groups can reach 36 to 40.
Electrophilic bonus
Fullerene can also undergo electrophilic reactions, such as the addition of 24 bromine atoms outside the fullerene sphere. The record holder for the most electrophilic additions is C60F48.
coordination reaction
The five-membered ring and six-membered ring of fullerene can be used as ligands of metal complexes, especially the five-membered ring, which can form various cene complexes. [6,6] Double bonds are electron-deficient and usually bond with metals at eta = 2 (the Haputow number in coordination chemistry). Bonding modes such as eta = 5 or eta = 6 are associated with globular fullerene ligands. Direct sunlight irradiates a cyclohexane solution of fullerene and tungsten thiocarbonyl W(CO)6 to generate (eta²-C60)5W(CO)6.
cell opening reaction
The pore-opening reaction refers to a reaction that selectively cuts the carbon-carbon bonds on the fullerene skeleton through chemical means to prepare open-pore fullerenes. After the pores are opened, it is possible to pack some small molecules into the carbon spheres, such as hydrogen molecules, Helium, lithium, etc. The first open-cell fullerene was reported in 1995 by Wood et al.
supramolecular chemistry
Fullerenes and other functional groups can be effectively linked together through non-covalent interactions to form a supramolecular system with a specific structure, and then functionalized by regulating the electronic interactions between each group, which has attracted research of great interest.
Host-guest chemistry of C60
Due to the unique rigid spherical structure of C60 molecules, a lot of research has been conducted on the host-guest chemistry of fullerenes and great progress has been made. A series of host compounds have been developed, which can be roughly divided into two categories: π electron-rich compounds and macrocyclic hosts. ; The former includes derivatives of ferrocene, porphyrin, phthalocyanine, tetrathiafulvalene, perylene, bowlene and ribbon polyconjugated systems, while the latter includes cyclodextrin, calixarene, azacalixarene, Derivatives of long chain alkanes and oligomers.
Self-assembly of C60 derivative supramolecular
Modifying fullerenes can provide more action sites, so the study of supramolecular self-assembly of fullerene derivatives has been a hot spot, far more than the assembly of unmodified fullerenes, especially in the field of fullerene-based Functional materials, photo-induced electron transfer, artificial photosynthesis systems, photonic devices and many other research fields.
Preparation method of ordered aggregated state of C60 and its derivatives
The self-assembly precursor produced after functionalization of fullerene forms an ordered aggregate structure through supramolecular interactions, which not only improves the understanding of the intrinsic nature of fullerene and the construction level of single-molecule devices, but also improves the high-tech functionalized materials of fullerene. needs. For more than ten years, many research groups have conducted extensive research on obtaining stable C60 nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanowires, nanoribbons and highly ordered two-dimensional structures, and developed classic self-assembly methods, Template method, vapor deposition method, chemical adsorption and LB film technology and other methods are used to construct organic nanomaterials with specific morphology.
production method

The preparation of high-purity fullerenes in large quantities and at low cost is the basis of fullerene research. Since Croteau discovered C60, many methods for the preparation of fullerenes have been developed. At present, the relatively mature preparation methods of fullerene mainly include arc method, thermal evaporation method, combustion method and chemical vapor deposition method.
arc method
Generally, the arc chamber is evacuated to a high vacuum, and then an inert gas such as helium is introduced. The arc chamber is equipped with a cathode and anode for preparing fullerene. The cathode material is usually a spectral grade graphite rod, and the anode material is usually a graphite rod. Iron, nickel, copper or tungsten carbide is usually added to the anode electrode as a catalyst. When two high-purity graphite electrodes are brought close to each other for arc discharge, the carbon rods vaporize to form plasma. In an inert atmosphere, small carbon molecules undergo multiple collisions, mergers, and closures to form stable C60 and high-carbon fullerene molecules. It exists in a large amount of granular soot and is deposited on the inner wall of the reactor. The soot is collected and extracted. The arc method is very power-consuming and costly, and is a commonly used method for preparing hollow fullerenes and metallofullerenes in the laboratory.
combustion method
The carbon black produced by the incomplete combustion of benzene and toluene under the influence of oxygen contains C60 and C70. The ratio of C60 and C70 can be controlled by adjusting the pressure, gas ratio, etc. This is the main method for producing fullerenes in industry.
Purify
Fullerene purification is a process to obtain impurity-free fullerene compounds. The crude product of fullerene manufacturing, that is, soot, is usually a mixture of C60 as the main component, C70 as the supplement, and some homologues. The key to determining the price and practical application of fullerene is the purification of fullerene. The commonly used steps for the purification of fullerene in the laboratory are: Soxhlet extraction with toluene from smoke rich in C60 and C70, and then filtration through a paper funnel. After evaporating the solvent, the remaining part (substances soluble in toluene) is redissolved with toluene, and then crudely purified by column chromatography using a mixture of alumina and activated carbon. The first effluent component is a purple C60 solution, and the second is Reddish-brown C70, the purity of C60 or C70 obtained by rough separation is not high at this time, and high performance liquid chromatography is needed for fine separation.
C60 can form a complex with cyclodextrin in a ratio of 1:2, but C70 cannot. A method for separating fullerenes is based on this principle, fixing cyclodextrin to gold particle colloids through S-S bridges. This water-soluble The gold/cyclodextrin complex [Au/CD] is very stable, and C60 can be selectively extracted by refluxing water-insoluble soot in water for several days, and the C70 component can be obtained by simple filtration. The separation of C60 from the [Au/CD] complex is achieved by adding adamantanol, which has a high affinity to the inner cavity of the cyclodextrin, to the cyclodextrin aqueous solution to separate C60 from the [Au/CD] complex to achieve the purification of C60. After separation, the reagents are recycled by adding ethanol to the [Au/CD/ADA] complex and distilling again. 50 mg [Au/CD] can extract 5 mg fullerene C60. The latter two methods are only at the laboratory stage and are not practical.
application
Fullerene is one of the most important carbon-containing nanomaterials in recent years due to its unique structure. Fullerene and its derivatives have been widely used in medical, industrial, scientific research and other aspects.
medical
Fullerene has antioxidant activity, cell protection, antibacterial activity, and antiviral effects, and can be used for drug loading and tumor treatment. At the same time, fullerene is also an effective free radical scavenger and antioxidant. The fullerene derivatives obtained by chemical modification have good water solubility and biological activity. In addition, because fullerene has an affinity for free radicals, some merchants disperse water-soluble fullerene in cosmetics and use it as an antioxidant factor in the preparation of cosmetics.
green energy
Fullerene materials serve as key electron transport layer materials in perovskite solar cells due to their high electron mobility, controllable energy levels, and low-temperature film formation.
multi-body research
Fullerene derivatives covalently or non-covalently form multiple bodies with electron-rich groups such as porphyrin and ferrocene, which are used to study intramolecular energy, charge transfer, photoinduced energy and charge transfer.
other
In addition, it has important application potential in superconducting materials, gas storage, catalysts and other fields.

Package and delivery

Delivery
1-80kg	80-300kg	More than 300kg
More suitable for express transportation, door-to-door	More suitable for air transportation,airport-to-airport	More suitable for ocean transportation,port-to-port
7-10 days for delivery time	3-4 days for delivery time	20-40 days for delivery time

What service we can provide
Joyous Health provides Fullerene powder OEM services. We can customize formulas for customers, private labels, capsules, tablets, soft capsules and sachets, low MOQ, which is suitable for direct sales by brands. Our OEM product shipping channels are stable and delivery times are fast and worthy of customers' trust, we have served more than 300 brands.

Joyous Health Factory information and certifications
Xi'an Joyous Health Biotechnology Co., Ltd. was established in 2011. Over the past 12 years, Joyous Health has obtained ISO 9001, FDA, ISO 22000, and GMP certifications.
Joyous Health has an advanced laboratory to control quality, so that each batch of products undergoes strict testing, and has professional R&D personnel to provide customized product services.
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